Surrogate Biomarker to Identify Obesity and Predict Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Systematic Review

Authors

  • Farchan Azzumar University of Indonesia, Depok
  • Helda Helda University of Indonesia, Depok
  • Qonita Nur Salamah University of Indonesia, Depok
  • Rahma Dewi Handari University of Indonesia, Depok
  • Ramadhani Ramadhani University of Indonesia, Depok
  • Reihana Ramadlani Ibna University of Indonesia, Depok
  • Yanti Herawati University of Indonesia, Depok

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46799/jhs.v5i7.1302

Keywords:

Cohort, Cardiovascular Disease, Obesity

Abstract

The study investigates the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, comparing the use of body mass index (BMI) versus other biomarkers in predicting CVD risk among obese individuals. It conducts a systematic literature review following the PRISMA guidelines, searching databases for relevant articles published from 2017-2022. The review analyzes 12 eligible articles and finds that factors beyond just BMI, such as genetics, physical activity, metabolic disorders, previous heart disease history, nutrition, fat distribution, and changes in BMI, can significantly impact the prognosis of heart disease in obese individuals. Importantly, the study shows that measures of fat distribution, like waist-to-height ratio, waist circumference, log-transformed body shape index (LBSIZ), and the ratio of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), are superior to BMI in predicting CVD risk among those with obesity. The key takeaway is that while obesity is strongly linked to CVD risk, BMI alone often fails to predict that risk accurately. Fat distribution measures may be a more effective tool for identifying obesity status and predicting associated CVD risk compared to relying solely on BMI.

References

Ahmad, F. B., & Anderson, R. N. (2021). The leading causes of death in the US for 2020. Jama, 325(18), 1829–1830.

Anyanwu, O. A., Folta, S. C., Zhang, F. F., Chui, K., Chomitz, V. R., Kartasurya, M. I., & Naumova, E. N. (2022). A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Dietary Patterns and Their Relationship to Hypertension and Obesity in Indonesia. Current Developments in Nutrition, 6(6). https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac091

Bahruddin, Macdonald, K., Diprose, R., & Delgado Pugley, D. (2024). Scaling-up sustainable commodity governance through jurisdictional initiatives: Political pathways to sector transformation in the Indonesian palm oil sector? World Development, 176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106504

Birarra, M. K., Baye, E., Tesfa, W., & Kifle, Z. D. (2022). Knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors, practice, and barriers of community pharmacists on cardiovascular disease prevention in North West Ethiopia. Metabolism Open, 16, 100219.

Caleyachetty, R., Thomas, G. N., Toulis, K. A., Mohammed, N., Gokhale, K. M., Balachandran, K., & Nirantharakumar, K. (2017). Metabolically healthy obese and incident cardiovascular disease events among 3.5 million men and women. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 70(12), 1429–1437.

Chien, S.-C., Chandramouli, C., Lo, C.-I., Lin, C.-F., Sung, K.-T., Huang, W.-H., Lai, Y.-H., Yun, C.-H., Su, C.-H., & Yeh, H.-I. (2021). Associations of obesity and malnutrition with cardiac remodeling and cardiovascular outcomes in Asian adults: A cohort study. PLoS Medicine, 18(6), e1003661.

Hikmayani, A. A., & Rachmawan, Y. P. (2024). Profile of hypertensive Indonesian patients in a cardiovascular hospital using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring focused on resistant hypertension. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2024.101665

Honda, T., Ishida, Y., Oda, M., Noguchi, K., Chen, S., Sakata, S., Oishi, E., Furuta, Y., Yoshida, D., & Hirakawa, Y. (2022). Changes in body weight and concurrent changes in cardiovascular risk profiles in community residents in Japan: the Hisayama Study. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 29(2), 252–267.

Kaltoft, M., Langsted, A., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2020). Obesity as a causal risk factor for aortic valve stenosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 75(2), 163–176.

Lawton, R., Frankenberg, E., Seeman, T., Karlamangla, A., Sumantri, C., & Thomas, D. (2024). Explaining adverse cholesterol levels and distinct gender patterns in an Indonesian population compared with the U.S. Economics and Human Biology, 54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101403

Lee, H., Park, H. E., Yoon, J. W., & Choi, S.-Y. (2021). Clinical significance of body fat distribution in coronary artery calcification progression in Korean population. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 45(2), 219.

Luh Putu Maitra Agastya, N., Wise, S., Kertesz, M., & Kusumaningrum, S. (2024). Transformation of child welfare Institutions in Bandung, West Java: A case of deinstitutionalization in Indonesia. Children and Youth Services Review, 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107545

Martantiningtyas, D. C., Hastuti, P., & Sadewa, A. H. (2021). Leu72Met polymorphism of GHRL gene increase the risk factor of obesity in a Javanese ethnic group from Indonesia. Meta Gene, 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100912

Mboi, N., Syailendrawati, R., Ostroff, S. M., Elyazar, I. R. F., Glenn, S. D., Rachmawati, T., Nugraheni, W. P., Ali, P. B., Trisnantoro, L., Adnani, Q. E. S., Agustiya, R. I., Laksono, A. D., Aji, B., Amalia, L., Ansariadi, A., Antriyandarti, E., Ardani, I., Ariningrum, R., Aryastami, N. K., … Mokdad, A. H. (2022). The state of health in Indonesia’s provinces, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Global Health, 10(11), e1632–e1645. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00371-0

Mongraw-Chaffin, M., Saldana, S., Carnethon, M. R., Chen, H., Effoe, V., Golden, S. H., Joseph, J., Kalyani, R. R., & Bertoni, A. G. (2022). Determinants of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the absence of obesity: The Jackson Heart Study. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 6(6), bvac059.

Oh, C.-M., Park, J. H., Chung, H. S., Yu, J. M., Chung, W., Kang, J. G., & Moon, S. (2020). Effect of body shape on the development of cardiovascular disease in individuals with metabolically healthy obesity. Medicine, 99(38), e22036.

Organization, W. H. (2022). WHO European regional obesity report 2022. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., & Brennan, S. E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Bmj, 372.

Pandey, A., Patel, K. V, Bahnson, J. L., Gaussoin, S. A., Martin, C. K., Balasubramanyam, A., Johnson, K. C., McGuire, D. K., Bertoni, A. G., & Kitzman, D. (2020). Association of intensive lifestyle intervention, fitness, and body mass index with risk of heart failure in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analysis from the look AHEAD trial. Circulation, 141(16), 1295–1306.

Pfaller, B., Siu, S. C., D’Souza, R., Wichert-Schmitt, B., Kumar Nair, G. K., Haberer, K., Maxwell, C., & Silversides, C. K. (2021). Impact of obesity on outcomes of pregnancy in women with heart disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 77(10), 1317–1326.

Polemiti, E., Baudry, J., Kuxhaus, O., Jäger, S., Bergmann, M. M., Weikert, C., & Schulze, M. B. (2021). BMI and BMI change following incident type 2 diabetes and risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications: the EPIC-Potsdam study. Diabetologia, 64, 814–825.

Ren, Z., Sun, W., Wang, S., Ying, J., Liu, W., Fan, L., Zhao, Y., Wu, C., & Song, P. (2022). Status and transition of normal-weight central obesity and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: A population-based cohort study in China. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 32(12), 2794–2802.

Riaz, H., Khan, M. S., Siddiqi, T. J., Usman, M. S., Shah, N., Goyal, A., Khan, S. S., Mookadam, F., Krasuski, R. A., & Ahmed, H. (2018). Association between obesity and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies. JAMA Network Open, 1(7), e183788–e183788.

Roth, G. A., Mensah, G. A., Johnson, C. O., Addolorato, G., Ammirati, E., Baddour, L. M., Barengo, N. C., Beaton, A. Z., Benjamin, E. J., & Benziger, C. P. (2020). Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(25), 2982–3021.

Sibarani, M. H. R., Wijaya, I. P., Rizka, A., Soewondo, P., Riyadina, W., Rahajeng, E., Sudikno, Harbuwono, D. S., & Tahapary, D. L. (2022). Cardiovascular disease prediction model for Indonesian adult population with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus: The Bogor Cohort study of Noncommunicable Diseases Risk Factors. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102330

Tan, Y. H., Lim, J. P., Lim, W. S., Gao, F., Teo, L. L. Y., Ewe, S. H., Keng, B. M. H., Tan, R. S., Koh, W.-P., & Koh, A. S. (2022). Obesity in older adults and associations with cardiovascular structure and function. Obesity Facts, 15(3), 336–343.

Utama, D. R., Hamsal, M., Rahim, R. K., & Furinto, A. (2024). The effect of digital adoption and service quality on business sustainability through strategic alliances at port terminals in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 40(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2023.12.001

Downloads

Published

2024-07-29

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 7 (2024): Journal Health Sains

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Farchan Azzumar, Helda Helda, Qonita Nur Salamah, Rahma Dewi Handari, Ramadhani Ramadhani, Reihana Ramadlani Ibna, Yanti Herawati

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  • Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC-BY-SA). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  • Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  • Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.