DETERMINATION OF LEADERSHIP STYLE SYSTEM WITH
REWARDS, PENALTIES INFLUENCE HOSPITAL EMPLOYEES' JOB SATISFACTION INDEX
Dimas Indramanto, Hasyim, Wahyuni Dian
Purwati
Magister Administrasi
Rumah Sakit Universitas Esa Unggul Jakarta, Indonesia
Email: [email protected],
[email protected],
Keywords: Leadership Style;
Organizational Culture; Work Discipline; Job Satisfaction. |
ABSTRACT In the current novel
coronavirus (nCoV-19) pandemic, it has had a very significant impact, namely
a big shift in the world order of life, especially in countries that have
recorded nCoV-19 cases and those countries concentrate, focus on in tackling
it. Port Medical Center Hospital, in terms of staffing which often provides
rotation/promotion/demotion to employees in lower/middle/upper leadership
levels. The purpose of this study both simultaneously and partially is to
analyze the effect of leadership style, organizational culture and work
discipline together on employee satisfaction at the Port Medical Center
Hospital. The research method used is quantitative research with causality
explanation research. The sampling technique used a saturated sample, so the
sample in this study were all employees who worked at the Port Medical Center
Hospital as many as 70 nurses(zusters-bruders), midwives and supporting
medical proffessionals. The data analysis method used in this study is
multiple regression analysis with the help of the SPSS version 24 program.
The results of this study indicate that simultaneously and partially
leadership style (0,506), organizational culture (0,368) and work discipline
(0,215) jointly affect job satisfaction of employees at the Port Medical
Center Hospital. Management Implication for Port Medical Center Hospital from
Analytic findings is to attentending the implementation of (0 zero tolerance,
rewards & punishments system in var.ind1 Leadership), reassured of
(service excellence, continuous improvement, Monitoring & Evaluation
system in var.ind2 Organization Culture), alignment to (Creative Work &
Time value in var.ind3 Disciplin) all employees. Lastly the affects of (a
good Job Role in var Job Satisfaction Level). |
Info Artikel |
Artikel
masuk 01 March 2023, Direvisi 10 March 2023, Diterima 24 March 2023 |
INTRODUCTION
There are so many who think
that the health sector is the front line in dealing with the problem of the
nCoV-19 pandemic, that opinion or word is not entirely wrong. However, if we
look more closely, all sectors participate, from the smallest to the larger,
even the largest, starting from the family, Subdistrict, Mayor/Regent,
Governor, Ministries and other government apparatus. So that the private sector
and the mass media also take part in tackling and preventing this pandemic.
But what is happening now,
with the large responsibility of the bearers of this Pandemic problem and as a
party who is obliged to provide or provide health services with new criteria,
namely Must always prepare all lines at all times by having knowledge that is
more advanced than the existing ones. now that can fight the problem of the
Pandemic. By organizing/managing the preparedness of all lines of Health
starting from medical personnel, paramedics and other supporters/supporters as
well as providing superior and advanced facilities, as well as running
harmoniously and synergistically in tackling health problems, especially during
the Cov-19 pandemic.
These matters become a
problem among medical personnel, paramedics and medical supporters whether they
can accept this responsibility, as well as the impact that occurs so that they
appoint the Health party as the party to be blamed. In connection with several
aspects that have generally occurred, this has created a problem for the Health
Service Provider stakeholders as a whole (Health Provider stakeholders become
the problem-owner/risk-owner) of this Pandemic. In addition, there are also
various types of diseases other than pandemic diseases that have an explicit
detrimental impact on patients and their families and also have an impact on
health lines, especially health workers.
There are also other things
that become a clearer baseline problem, namely, the condition of the
Corporation and Government Ownership of PT RS Pelabuhan in this case the Port
Medical Center Hospital, in terms of staffing which often provides
rotation/promotion/demotion to lower/middle level employees. top to leadership.
In addition, a deeply rooted organizational culture creates character and
provides a work climate that can have an effect on employee satisfaction
levels.
In this case, the stress
condition of the employee's workload and the emotional maturity of the employee
greatly contribute to their work discipline. These circumstances and conditions
are the ones that have been giving and influencing the matter that really need
to be analyzed, researched, studied and given an assessment of the employee's
condition, namely "job satisfaction" for the Health line from medical
personnel, medical staff and medical support as the dependent variable. In relation
to the dependent variable, the author sees that there are three independent
variables that influence the dependent variable, namely "The Influence of
Leadership Style, Discipline and Organizational Culture." These three
things become the pillars of the embedded direction. This thesis research was
conducted at a Health Facility Provider Organization that has been established
for a long time so that it can provide good data for this research, namely, in
one of the branches of PT. The Port Hospital (Indonesia Healthcare Corporation)
is at the Port Medical Center Hospital Branch.
The conditions regarding
employee satisfaction that occurred at the Port Hospital (IHC Group) branch of
the Port Medical Center Hospital can be explained in the results of a pre-survey
conducted on 30 employees with the following results (Sugiyono,
2019).
Table 1 Pre-Survey Data
Results Regarding Employee Satisfaction
No������ Question��������� ���������� STS���� TS������� N�������� S��������� SS������� Amount���������� Mean
����������� ����������� 1��������� 2��������� 3��������� 4��������� 5���������������������
1��������� I feel that I am always
able to complete the given task��������� F��������� 1��������� 4��������� 14������� 10������� 1����������� 30������� 3.20
����������� %�������� 3%������ 13%���� 47%���� 33%���� 3%������ 100%��
2��������� I feel that I always
get fair treatment from the leadership����� F��������� 3��������� 11������� 9��������� 6��������� 1����������� 30������� 2.70
����������� %�������� 10%���� 37%���� 30%���� 20%���� 3%������ 100%��
3��������� I and other employees
have a good relationship�������� F��������� 8��������� 12������� 8��������� 2��������� 0��������� 30����������� 2.13
����������� %�������� 27%���� 40%���� 27%���� 7%������ 0%������ 100%��
Average Employee Satisfaction Variable������ 2.68
Source: Results of Data Processing with SPSS 24 (2022)
The results of the
pre-survey data in Table 1 regarding the employee satisfaction variable that
occurred in one of the branches of the Port Medical Center Hospital showed that
the average value of the employee satisfaction variable was 2.68. Based on
these data, it is known that the conditions related to establishing good
relations with other employees are relatively low aspects with a mean value of
2.13 compared to other aspects of employee job satisfaction at Port Medical
Center Hospital. This shows that the relationship between employees at the Port
Medical Center Hospital has not been well established. If the condition
continues, it will certainly have a negative impact on employees who become
dissatisfied and uncomfortable at work. The phenomenon that occurs related to
employee job satisfaction in one of the branches of the Port Medical Center
Hospital above encourages researchers to carry out research related to factors
affecting employee satisfaction, namely leadership style, organizational
culture and discipline.
METHOD
This research was
conducted at the Port Medical Center Hospital. More efficient because of
considerations of time, cost and effort. The implementation time of this
research takes place from the first quarter of 2022. To achieve the objectives described
above This research is included in the type of explanatory causality research.
The independent variables in this study are leadership style, organizational
culture and work discipline. While the dependent variable is the job
satisfaction of nurses. The population in this study were employees who worked
at the Port Hospital (IHC Group) Jakarta Area with a total population of 70
people who were nurses, midwives and medical support. The sample method used in
this study is non-probability sampling). Then for the sampling technique in
this study using purposive sampling. Purposive sampling is a sampling technique
with certain considerations. The sample criteria used in this study were nurses
who worked at the Port Medical Center Hospital. Then, the sampling technique is
also done by census sampling or other terms are saturated samples. So the
sample used in this study was 70 respondents who were nurses, midwives &
medical support at the Port Medical Center Hospital. Analysis of the data used
in this study is multiple regression with the help of SPSS version 24.00
program. Before performing multiple regression analysis and hypotheses, the
validity and reliability tests, descriptive statistics and classical
assumptions are first tested.
Research Model
Image
1. Theories of Concept in Framework Research Constellation
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Descriptive
Statistics Test
Descriptive
statistical testing in this study was carried out using the SPSS version 24
statistical program. The following is Table 2 which shows the results of the
descriptive statistical test analysis.
Table 2. Descriptive Statistics Test Results
|
Descriptive Statistics |
|
|||||||||||
|
N |
Minimum |
Maximum |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
|
|||||||
GP |
70 |
2 |
5,00 |
4,0369 |
0,54974 |
||||||||
BO |
70 |
2 |
5,00 |
3,9177 |
0,55651 |
||||||||
DK |
70 |
2 |
5,00 |
3,9543 |
0,57065 |
||||||||
KK |
70 |
3 |
5,00 |
4,0491 |
0,51175 |
||||||||
Primary data
sources processed 2022
The results of
descriptive statistical tests that have been carried out with SPSS version 24,
it is known that the results on the leadership style variable get a minimum
value of 2.22 and a maximum of 5.00 with an average value (mean) of 4.0369 and
a standard deviation of 0, 54974. Meanwhile, the organizational culture
variable obtained a minimum value of 2.25 and a maximum of 5.00 with an average
value (mean) of 3.9543 and a standard deviation of 0.57065. Then, the work
discipline variable gets a minimum value of 2.13 and a maximum of 5.00 with an
average value (mean) of 3.9177 and a standard deviation of 0.55651. And the job
satisfaction variable gets a minimum value of 3.00 and a maximum of 5.00 with
an average value (mean) of 4.0491 and a standard deviation of 0.51175.
Research Instrument Test
The research
instrument test used is the validity test and the reliability test. The
validity of a research result is largely determined by the measuring instrument
used. If the measuring instrument used is invalid and/or not reliable, the
results of the research conducted will not describe the real situation. To
overcome this, two kinds of tests are needed, namely validity and reliability
tests to test the sincerity of respondents' answers.
Table 3. Validity Test
Results
No |
Variable |
r hitung |
r tabel |
Kesimpulan |
1 |
Gaya Kepemimpinan (X1) |
0,7806 |
0,231 |
Valid |
2 |
Budaya Organisasi (X2) |
0,7486 |
0,231 |
Valid |
3 |
Disiplin (X3) |
0,7744 |
0,231 |
Valid |
4 |
Kepuasan Karyawan (Y) |
0,7534 |
|
Valid |
Source: Results of
Data Processing with SPSS 24 (2022)
Based on the results of the validity test
above, it can be seen that all statements on the variables of leadership style,
organizational culture, work discipline, and job satisfaction have an r value
greater than r table (0.231). So it is said that all variable statements in
this study are declared valid.
Table 4. Reliability Test
Results
Variable |
Cronbach's
Alpha |
Conclusion |
Leadership
Style |
0,920 |
Reliable |
Organizational
culture |
0,947 |
Reliable |
Work
Discipline |
0,938 |
Reliable |
Job
satisfaction |
0,940 |
Reliable |
�Source: Results of
Data Processing with SPSS 24 (2022)
Cronbach's alpha value for each variable,
namely: leadership style, organizational culture, work discipline, and job
satisfaction is greater than 0.60, so it can be concluded that all variables
are reliable because they meet the minimum requirements for Cronbach's alpha
reliability coefficient > 0.60.
Three Box
Method Analysis
Data analysis can be done to present
empirical findings in the form of descriptive statistical data that explains
the characteristics of respondents, especially in relation to the research
variables used in hypothesis testing (Ferdinand, 2006). Based on the results of the range of
values that have been divided into three categories, the researchers tried to
analyze each of the research variables studied and categorize each of these
variables. The results of descriptive analysis based on the index value obtained
the following results:
Table 5. Variable
Classification Diagram Matrix
No |
Variabel |
Skor |
Perilaku |
||
Rendah |
Sedang |
Tinggi |
|||
1 |
Leadership Style |
- |
- |
� |
I respect and trust the leadership. I get a good example of leadership at work |
2 |
Organizational culture |
- |
� |
- |
I always pay attention to the latest developments in
science and technology in accordance with your professional discipline in
carrying out tasks and directions from superiors. |
3 |
Discipline |
- |
� |
- |
I always pay attention to the latest developments in
science and technology in accordance with your professional discipline when
treating patients |
4 |
Employee Satisfaction |
- |
- |
� |
I feel challenged by the task. which are given I am satisfied with the compensation received |
Source: Research Results (2022)
It is known that the scores of all variables
are included in the high category but, the accumulatif counts the leadership
style has a higer affects to Job satisfaction index than Organizational Culture
and Disciplin. In this case, it is explained that leadership style has a high
impact on employee satisfaction. The better the leadership style applied to
employees, the higher the employee job satisfaction. Then, organizational
culture has a high (middle) impact on employee satisfaction. With a good
organizational culture, it will create good job satisfaction. Furthermore, work
discipline has a high (middle) impact on employee satisfaction. The higher the
job satisfaction felt by employees, the higher the employee's work discipline.
Job satisfaction has a high impact on influencing leadership style,
organizational culture and work discipline.
Classic
Assumption Test Results
Assumptions are required in multiple linear
regression. The goal is to obtain an estimator value or the value of the coefficients
and that cannot be so that they become the best values. The classical basic
assumption tests used in this study include.
Normality test, Validity test &
Heteroscedasticity test
Decision making in the Kolmogrov-Smirnov test is obtained from the value
of Sig. kolmogrov-smirnov test, where if the value of sig. greater (>) 0.05
then the data distribution is declared normal
The basis for decision making a model has multicollinearity is (Rahmah
& Mawardi, 2021). If the VIF (Variance Inflation factor)
value is < 10 and the tolerance value is > 0.1, then there is no
multicollinearity between the independent variables in the model. If the value
of VIF (Variance Inflation factor) > 10 and the tolerance value < 0.1,
then there is multicollinearity between the independent variables in the model (Wiratama
Putra, 2023).
To determine the
presence or absence of heteroscedasticity symptoms is through the Glacier test.
In the Glacier test, a confounding error regression was performed on each
independent variable that was thought to be. From the test results, a decision
will be made, if the significance number is > 0.05 (Rahmah
& Mawardi, 2021).
Table 6. Normality Test Results
|
Unstandardized Residual |
|
Test
Statistic |
,059 |
|
Asymp.
Sig. (2-tailed) |
,200c,d |
|
Variabel |
Collinearity Statistics |
||||
Tolerance |
VIF |
|
|||
Style Leadership Organizational culture Work Discipline |
0,558 |
1,791 |
|
||
0,405 |
2,472 |
|
|||
0,477 |
2,098 |
|
|||
Variabel |
Sig. |
Kesimpulan |
Leadership Style |
0,238 |
There is no Heteroscedasticity |
Organizational culture |
0,400 |
There is no Heteroscedasticity |
Work Discipline |
0,063 |
There is no Heteroscedasticity |
Source: Results
of Data Processing with SPSS version 24 (2022)
The output of the
normality test in the table above, the value of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov is 0.059
and the significance is 0.200. The significance value is greater than 0.05, so
it can be concluded that the residual data is normally distributed.
Multiple Linear
Regression Test Results
The results of multiple linear regression analysis can be
seen in the following table.
Table 7. Multiple Linear
Regression Test Results
|
B |
t |
Sig. |
|||||
|
(Constant) |
5,068 |
1,526 |
,132 |
|
|||
|
Leadership
Style |
,506 |
4,647 |
,000 |
||||
Organizational
culture |
,368 |
5,177 |
,000 |
|||||
Work
Discipline |
,215 |
2,526 |
,014 |
|||||
Source: Results of Data Processing with SPSS version 24 (2022)
Based on the test output above, the regression equation can be made as
follows:
KK = 5,068 + 0,506 GK + 0,368 BO + 0,215 DK + ε
Hypothesis test
Hypothesis Testing with t Test, F Test & Coefficient of
Determination
The criteria used to see the effect of these variables are by looking
at the sig value (p-value) in the Coefficient (t Test), the sig value (p-value)
in the ANOVA table (F Test). If the value of sig. smaller than the alpha value
(5%) then it can be said that there is an influence between the independent
variables on the dependent variable partialy & simultaneously. The value of
the coefficient of determination is between zero and one. The results of the
coefficient of determination test obtained an R-Square value of 0.792 or 79.2%.
This means that job satisfaction for employees who work at the Port Medical
Center can be explained by the variables of leadership style, organizational
culture and work discipline together of 79.2%. While the remaining 20.8% is
influenced by variables outside of other research models.
Table 8. Results of
Simultaneous Hypothesis Testing (F Test)
Model |
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
Regression |
2810,839 |
3 |
936,946 |
83,992 |
,000b |
Model |
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
Regression |
2810,839 |
3 |
936,946 |
83,992 |
,000b |
Model |
R |
R Square |
Adjusted R Square |
Std. Error of the Estimate |
1 |
,890a |
,792 |
,783 |
3,33995 |
Source: Results of Data Processing with SPSS version 24 (2022)
DISCUSSION
The Effect of Leadership Style,
Organizational Culture and Work Discipline Together on Job Satisfaction
The first hypothesis shows that leadership style, organizational
culture, and work discipline together have an effect on job satisfaction for
employees at Port Medical Center Hospital. Judging from the results of the
simultaneous hypothesis test (F test) which produces a calculated F value of
83,992 and a significant value of 0.000, it is smaller than 0.05. Thus, the first
hypothesis is accepted, meaning that leadership style, organizational culture,
and work discipline together affect job satisfaction of employees at Port
Medical Center Hospital.
Job satisfaction is a positive attitude of an employee that involves
emotions and behavior, evaluating work in relation to something important,
achievement or job value. When a person reaches or completes the desired
minimum, there will be job satisfaction and there is no gap between desire and
reality. A positive difference occurs, if the performance is higher than
expected, then job satisfaction will occur. On the other hand, if the gap is
smaller than expected, there is a negative difference, which can lead to more
job dissatisfaction (Pawirosumarto
et al., 2017).
These results support the research which states that leadership style
and organizational culture have a positive and significant effect on job
satisfaction. Suprapti et.al. (2020) shows that work discipline has an effect
on employee satisfaction. Then the results of research concluded that leadership
style, motivation and discipline together affect the variable job satisfaction (Mustika
& Oktavianti, 2021).
The Effect of Leadership Style on Job
Satisfaction
The second hypothesis shows that leadership style has a significant
effect on job satisfaction for employees who work at the Port Medical Center
Hospital. Judging from the results of hypothesis testing which produces a
t-count value of 4.647 and a significant value of 0.000 <0.05, it means that
the second hypothesis is accepted. Thus, it can be concluded that leadership
style has a significant effect on job satisfaction for employees who work at
the Port Medical Center Hospital.
Supervisor/leader behavior can affect employee job satisfaction
positively or negatively (Pawirosumarto
et al., 2017). Communication behaviors include eye
contact; facial expressions and body movements and they are very important in a
superior-subordinate relationship. Non-verbal communication of
supervisors/leaders is helpful for increasing social engagement with
subordinates and positively influencing individual job satisfaction at work. Suggests
that a company needs to improve a
good leadership style to improve employee performance. A company must have a
leader with high power. Enforcement of discipline and firmness by a leader is
needed so that employees are able to maintain their dignity, reputation and
cooperation.
The results of the research stated that leadership style has a
significant effect on employee job satisfaction (Putra,
2020). This is if the leadership style is in
accordance with the circumstances of employees who have diverse characters, it
is possible that there will be a lot of diversity in the level of job
satisfaction (Siallagan
et al., 2016). A leadership style that can be
accepted by all elements will get a positive response from its employees.
Conversely, if the leadership style is not in accordance with the wishes of
employees and the organization, then there will be an attitude of indifference
and even rejection of the leadership's policies. As a result, it will reduce
the level of job satisfaction.
The Influence of Organizational Culture
on Job Satisfaction
The third hypothesis shows that organizational culture has a
significant effect on job satisfaction for employees who work at the Port
Medical Center Hospital. Judging from the results of hypothesis testing which
produces a t-count value of 5.177 and a significant value of 0.000 <0.05, it
means that the third hypothesis is accepted. Thus, it can be concluded that
organizational culture has a significant effect on job satisfaction for
employees who work at the Port Medical Center Hospital.
Explained that the outcome for an individual such as satisfaction
depends on the match between individual characteristics and organizational
culture which means that employees can better adapt to the work environment if
the characteristics of the organizational culture match their individual
orientation (Al-Sada
et al., 2017). Stated in his research that having a
good organizational culture will create better job satisfaction (Renyut
et al., 2017). Previous research conducted conclude
that there is indeed an influence of organizational culture on job satisfaction
(Azizah,
2017). Employees have high work
aggressiveness, namely employees are always full of initiative in doing tasks,
employees do not always depend on superior's instructions in carrying out
tasks, every employee makes work plans and tries to finish well.
The same results were found show that organizational culture has a
significant effect on job satisfaction (Habba et
al., 2017). The findings of state that
organizational culture has a strong relationship with job satisfaction. Syaiful
(2016) found organizational culture to have a positive and significant effect
on job satisfaction. This is different from the findings organizational culture
has no effect on job satisfaction (Prasetyo
et al., 2020) (Putra,
2020).
The Effect of Work Discipline on Job
Satisfaction
The fourth hypothesis shows that work discipline has a significant
effect on job satisfaction for employees who work at the Port Medical Center
Hospital. Judging from the results of hypothesis testing which produces a
t-count value of 2.526 and a significant value of 0.014 <0.05, it means that
the fourth hypothesis is accepted. Thus it can be concluded that work
discipline has a significant effect on job satisfaction for employees who work
at the Port Medical Center Hospital.
A good discipline model must be followed by the behavior of the
employees themselves on the grounds that discipline is to increase job
satisfaction. Paramina and Sari (2017); Hadiwijaya and Hanafi (2016) state that
work discipline has a direct effect on job satisfaction. This shows that the
higher the work discipline, the higher the job satisfaction of employees.
However, this is not in accordance with the results of research stated that work
discipline almost did not affect employee job satisfaction with the results of
the study showing that work discipline had no significant effect on job
satisfaction.
The results of shows that there is a significant effect of work
discipline on employee job satisfaction. The conclusion of this hypothesis is
consistent and in line with several previous studies. There is a positive and
significant effect of work discipline on employee job satisfaction. There is a
positive and significant effect of work discipline on employee job satisfaction
(Asbari
et al., 2020). There is a significant effect of work
discipline on employee satisfaction. There is a positive and significant effect
of work discipline on employee satisfaction there is a positive and significant
effect of work discipline on employee job satisfaction (Purwanto
et al., 2019). This is different from the research
findings which show that discipline has a negative and insignificant effect on
employee job satisfaction variables (Mustika
& Oktavianti, 2021).
CONCLUSION
Leadership style, work discipline and organizational culture together
influence the job satisfaction of employees at Port Medical Center Hospital.
Then it was also found that leadership style has a significant effect on job
satisfaction of employees working at Port Medical Center Hospital. This shows
that the better the leadership style applied to employees, the higher employee
job satisfaction. Organizational culture also has a significant influence on
job satisfaction among employees working at Port Medical Center Hospital. This
means that an increase in organizational culture is higher means it can also
increase employee job satisfaction. Finaly it was found that work discipline
has a significant effect on job satisfaction of employees working at Port
Medical Center Hospital. This shows that the higher the level of employee
discipline, it will affect the increase in employee job satisfaction.
Application of leadership style that can increase job satisfaction. In this
case, it is a trusted leadership style, where the leader must continue to set
an example and better apply 0 zero tolerance to his subordinates and provide
managerial knowledge to his staff through various training. Improvement of work
culture within the organization that can increase employee job satisfaction. A
strong organizational culture in this study is demonstrated by employee
involvement, consistency, adaptability and organizational vision and mission.
From the results of the study, the most influential factor is that employees
must think more creatively. This shows that to build a creative and innovative
culture, leaders who are able to stimulate individuals who are able to build a
creative and innovative culture are needed.
Work discipline is proven to be able to influence employee job
satisfaction. In work discipline, there are still many employees who do not
have high work discipline in their field of work. So that the regional
leadership of the Port Medical Center must be able to provide motivation and a
good example for nurses who carry out their duties at work. With good
motivation and management of work discipline, this can result in job
satisfaction for employees.
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