|
Jurnal Health
Sains: p�ISSN: 2723-4339 e-ISSN: 2548-1398 |
|
Vol. 3, No.12, Desember
2022 |
ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
(PCBS)
AT TEMPORARY STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTE OF
PLN UP3 TANJUNG KARANG
Romi Sepsriza1, Dikpride Despa2,
FX. Arinto Setyawan3, Rinawati4
University of Lampung,
Indonesia
Email: : [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
|
INFO ARTIKEL |
ABSTRACT� |
|
Diterima 04 November 2022 Direvisi 12 �December �2022 Disetujui 25 December 2022 |
Polychlorinated
Biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that harm the environment
and human health. One of its uses is in the transformer at the electricity
company. Efforts to prevent PCB contamination are carried out through
identification and inventory, management of PCBs, and monitoring of PCBs. The
methods used in this study were direct observation, questionnaires, and PCB
testing using the Dexsil L2000DX/Chloride Analyzer as early detection of the
presence of PCBs in offline transformer oil and sorting out samples with
chloride concentrations > 50 ppm. The data collected is in the form of
primary data and secondary data. The purpose of this research is to implement
an Environmental Safeguard, especially PCBs at PLN UP3 TPS Tanjung Karang
Hazardous and Toxic Material Waste, so there will be no pollution to the
surrounding environment |
|
Keywords: Polychlorinated
Biphenyls, Chloride Analyzer, Transformer oil, waste |
Introduction
Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental
degradation through chemical, biochemical and photo-oil processes (Zacharia, 2019). Therefore, POPs can survive in
the environment, travel long distances, accumulate biologically in human and
animal tissues, participate in the food chain, and have a significant impact on
human health and the environment (Soto et al., 2013).
The government through
the Ministry of Environment and Forestry has ratified international
environmental agreements related to persistent organic pollutants (Yadav et al., 2015), namely the 2001 Stockholm
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, especially Polychlorinated
Biphenyls (PCBs), signed by 151 countries, including Indonesia. Indonesia
ratified it through Law number 19 of 2009. PCBs must be managed and it is hoped
that they can be phased out before 2028. The destruction of PCBs must begin
with a nationally valid inventory. The inventory is the responsibility of the
B3 waste owner. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry, UNIDO (United Nations
Industrial Development Organization), and GEF (Global Environment Facility)
2001 has implemented the "Introduction of an Environmentally-sound
Management and Disposal System for PCB-Wastes and PCB-Contaminated Equipment"
project where one of the activities carried out are the PCBs Inventory (Thomas, 2017).
Management of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls must comply with applicable regulations and be stored
in a Temporary Storage Site (TPS) for B3 waste that already has a permit (Hossain et al., 2016). Management of hazardous and toxic
waste (B3) has been regulated in regulations related to the environment in
Government Regulation no. 22 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of
Environmental Protection and Management, Regulation of the Minister of
Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia number:
P.29/MENLHK/SETJEN/PLB.3/12/2020 concerning Management of Polychlorinated
Biphenyls and being one of PT PLN's environmental performance programs
(Persero),
PT PLN (Persero) is a
state-owned enterprise that provides a reliable electricity supply for all
Indonesian people (Kurniawati, 2022). In carrying out its business PT
PLN (Persero) also produces waste that has a direct connection with relevant
environmental sustainability issues such as environmental pollution, B3 waste,
carbon emissions, use of natural resources, and others (Basuki, 2015). One of the B3 wastes produced is
transformer oil waste originating from used transformers that are no longer
usable and are included in the ATTB (Not Operating Fixed Assets) category.
Transformer waste production year < 1997 is indicated to contain PCBs
(Polychlorinated Biphenyls) which are Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) that
are harmful to the environment and humans.
Research methods
Materials and Tools
The equipment used in this research is the Dexsil L2000DX/Chloride
Analyzer. Dexsil L2000DX/Chloride Analyzer is one of the PCBs detection
equipment (Kattel & Devkota, 2015). This test kit detects the presence
of chlorinated organic materials and not PCBs. The result categories are; if
the result is negative it indicates the absence of PCBs, if the result is
positive it indicates the presence of PCBs, and further confirmation is
required using procedures with more sophisticated laboratory equipment (Rodrigues et al., 2015).
Sampling Methods
The samples used were 12 (twelve) offline transformer oils in
the B3 Waste Temporary Storage and 32 questionnaires from K3 and Environment
employees related to the important role of technology in the offline
transformer inventory system.
Research Variables
The research analysis was carried out using descriptive
qualitative methods. Primary and secondary data collection is done by (Meirinawati et al., 2018);
a)
Collecting
secondary data (from the management report of the related company's temporary
storage of hazardous and toxic waste materials).
b)
Conducting
a literature review from published scientific journals,
c)
�Make direct observations,
d)
Using
questionnaire questions to employees who work in related departments.
Table 1
PCBs Concentration
Category
|
Category |
Concentration
(ppm) |
|
[PCBs] < 5 ppm |
Non-PCBs |
|
5 < [PCBs] < 50 ppm |
Undefined PCBs |
|
50 < [PCBs] < 500 ppm |
Contaminated PCBs |
|
500 ppm < [PCBs] |
Pure PCBs |
Not all PCBs
must be destroyed. The criteria for PCBs that must be destroyed are PCBs that
exceed the threshold, namely > 50 ppm. Meanwhile, if the content of PCBs is
<50 ppm, Retrofit is carried out, which is emptying the oil from the
transformer and replacing the oil with non-PCBs.
Results and Discussion
Management of hazardous and toxic
waste (B3) must be managed properly to prevent environmental pollution (Exposto & Sujaya,
2021). In the
management of Hazardous and Toxic Materials, refer to the following
regulations:
1. The 2009
Stockholm Convention concerning Persistent Organic Pollutants;
2. Law Number
11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation;
3. Regulation
of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia number
P.29/MENLHK/SETJEN/PLB.3/12/2020 concerning Management of Polychlorinated
Biphenyls (PCBs);
4. Government
Regulation number 22 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Environmental
Protection and Management.
PCBs (Polychlorinated
Biphenyls) Inventory System
The inventory of PCBs in Indonesia
covers 11 provinces on the islands of Sumatra and Java. The Ministry of
Environment and Forestry (KLHK) formed an Inventory Team in collaboration
between the KLHK-UNIDO team, Local Government, and Industry/Industry
Associations and the implementation of the PCBs Management Plan. Implementation
of the PCBs Management Plan includes:
1. Identify
the problem
2. Priority
Mapping
3. Stakeholder
Mapping
4. Formulation
of an Action Plan
The selection of participating
units and companies is divided into two stages, namely the first is voluntary
and the second is transformer priority and sector priority (Sivill et al., 2013). There are
1,100 companies from various sectors and including 4,524 transformers from
2015-2020. The implementation of PCBs testing is carried out in two stages,
namely:
1. Phase I
2015-2016: 3,015 (100%) used Dexsil L2000DX
2. Phase II
2019-2020: 1,509 (10%) use GC-ECD IEC 61619
Descriptive statistics include Year
of Production, Concentration of PCBs (ppm), Province, Industry Sector, and Type
of Material. The results of the uni One-Way ANOVA between Dexsil and GC-ECD
were Dexsil (66.6%) and GC-ECD (33.4%), the results were not significantly
different (P <0.05).
Management of PCBs on
offline transformers
Testing of PCBs using Dexsil
L2000 DX on 12 (twelve) samples of transformer oil at Temporary Storage of
Hazardous and Toxic Waste Materials which was tested with the following
results:
Table 2
Test Results for
PCBs on Offline Transformers
|
No |
Category |
Concentration (ppm) |
Dexsil L2000 DX |
|
|
Sample |
% |
|||
|
1 |
Non-PCBs |
[PCBs] <5 |
0 |
0 |
|
2 |
Undefined PCBs |
5 < [PCBs] < 50 |
8 |
66,7 |
|
3 |
Contaminated
PCBs |
50 < [PCBs] < 500 |
4 |
33,3 |
|
4 |
Pure PCBs |
500 < [PCBs] |
0 |
0 |
|
Total |
12 |
100% |
||
Source: PCBs Testing Report, PLN Pusertif 2022
Testing on offline transformer oil samples resulted in 66.7% of undefined
PCBs and 33.3% of offline transformer oil contaminated with PCBs. Furthermore,
offline transformer oil contaminated with PCBs is stored and quarantined at
Temporary Storage of Hazardous and Toxic Waste Materials (Hansen et al., 2022). Transformer oil that is not contaminated with PCBs
can be transported by transformer oil transport and management companies that
already have permits from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the
local Transportation Service (Granberg et al.,
2017).
�����������������������������������
Chart 1 PCBs
Test Results on Offline Transformers
Offline Transformer Setup
In the Environmental Safeguard program, there are several programs, one
of which is the placement and labeling of B3 waste (Offline Transformer Oil)
following the year of transformer production, namely ≤1997, >1997 and
transformer oil which has been indicated to contain Polychlorinated Biphenyls
(PCBs). Transformer oil which contains Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), is
given a special label with the symbol (Dangerous for Environment and
Carcinogenic, Tetragenic, Mutagenic') and PCBs labeled. For transformers <
1997, testing must be carried out first because it is indicated to contain PCBs
(Polychlorinated Biphenyls). If the content is > 50 ppm, it can cause
cancer, decreased endurance, and increased risk of heart disease, hypertension,
diabetes, reproductive system disorders, and nervous system disorders.
Figure 2 Arrangement of Offline Transformers in Temporary Storage
of Hazardous and Toxic Waste Materials
In the
Environmental Safeguard program, there are several programs, one of which is
the placement and labeling of B3 In Figure 2 above is the arrangement of
offline transformers at the TPS for Hazardous and Toxic Materials Waste PLN UP3
Tanjung Karang which is divided according to the category of transformer year,
namely production < 1997 and > 1997. Regarding PCBs management, it must
comply with the regulations of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the
Republic of Indonesia. number P.29/MENLHK/SETJEN/PLB.3/12/2020 concerning
Management of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs).
The results of environmental monitoring can be seen in the following
table:
Table 3.
Environmental
Monitoring Results
|
Parameter |
Unit |
Test Result |
Environmental Quality
Standard |
Methods *) Part Number |
|
pH |
- |
6.29 |
6 - 9 |
4500-H* -B |
|
Total Suspended Solid |
mg/L |
28.5 |
30 |
2540 D |
|
BOD 5 days 20�C** |
mg/L |
28 |
30 |
5210 B |
|
COD by K2Cr2O7 |
mg/L |
90.4 |
100 |
5220 B |
|
Free Ammoniac |
mg/L |
1.75 |
10 |
4500-NH3-F |
|
Oil & Grease |
mg/L |
4 |
5 |
5520 B |
|
Total Coliform |
Colony/100 ml |
1930 |
3000 |
|
�Standard Methods, 23th Edition 2012,
APHA-AWWA-WEF.Exclude the scope of accreditation KAN
<
= Less than the detection limit indicated Analyzed
by Lab. Sucofindo Cibitung
Offline Transformer Setup
From the results of environmental monitoring in the table above, the test
results on all parameters are still below the Environmental
Quality Standard (Demanega et al.,
2021). So it can be concluded that there is no pollution
from transformer oil in the surrounding environment.
Conclusion
The
test results on twelve samples of offline transformer oil were 66.7% undefined
PCBs and 33.3% contaminated PCBs.
The
results of environmental monitoring on all parameters are still below the
Environmental Quality Standard, it can be concluded that there is no pollution
in the surrounding environment.
Basuki, B. (2015). Eco-efficiency and sustainable development
as efforts to produce environmentally friendly product: an exploratory case
study. Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting, 9(3),
199�218.Google Scholar
Demanega, I., Mujan, I.,
Singer, B. C., Anđelković, A. S., Babich, F., & Licina, D.
(2021). Performance assessment of low-cost environmental monitors and single
sensors under variable indoor air quality and thermal conditions. Building
and Environment, 187, 107415.Google Scholar
Exposto, L. A. S. M.,
& Sujaya, I. N. (2021). The Impacts of Hazardous and Toxic Waste
Management: A Systematic Review. Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(2),
103�123. Google Scholar
Granberg, M. E., Ask, A.,
& Gabrielsen, G. W. (2017). Local contamination in Svalbard: overview
and suggestions for remediation actions. Norsk Polarinstitutt. Google Scholar
Hansen, L. A.,
Mcnaughton, M., Kowalewski, A. M., Chan, A. M., Gaukler, S. M., & Hathcock,
C. D. (2022). ASER Annual Site Environmental Report 2020. Los Alamos
National Lab.(LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). Google Scholar
Hossain, M. S.,
Fakhruddin, A. N. M., Chowdhury, M. A. Z., & Gan, S. H. (2016). Impact of
ship-breaking activities on the coastal environment of Bangladesh and a
management system for its sustainability. Environmental Science & Policy,
60, 84�94. Google Scholar
Kattel, R., &
Devkota, B. (2015). PCBs contamination among distribution transformers in the
Kathmandu valley. International Journal of Environment, 4(1),
16�29. Google Scholar
Kurniawati, L. (2022).
Understanding the Financial Performance of PT PLN (Persero): A Narrative on
State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) with a Mandate of Electricity in Indonesia. Binus
Business Review, 13(3), 241�258. Google Scholar
Meirinawati, M., Fanida,
E. H., & Prabawati, I. (2018). Strategy Management of Hazardous and Toxic
Waste Processing by PT Artama Sentosa Indonesia (Study of Transporting and
Collecting Hazardous and Toxic Waste). 1st International Conference on
Social Sciences (ICSS 2018), 181�186. Google Scholar
Rodrigues, M. L. M.,
Le�o, V. A., Gomes, O., Lambert, F., Bastin, D., & Gaydardzhiev, S. (2015).
Copper extraction from coarsely ground printed circuit boards using moderate
thermophilic bacteria in a rotating-drum reactor. Waste Management, 41,
148�158. Google Scholar
Sivill, L., Manninen, J.,
Hippinen, I., & Ahtila, P. (2013). Success factors of energy management in
energy‐intensive industries: Development priority of energy performance
measurement. International Journal of Energy Research, 37(8),
936�951. Google Scholar
Soto, D. X., Wassenaar,
L. I., & Hobson, K. A. (2013). Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in
aquatic food webs are tracers of diet and provenance. Functional Ecology,
27(2), 535�543. Google Scholar
Thomas, P. (2017). Poly
Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Power Transformers-An Indian Scenario. Power
Research, 621�628. Google Scholar
Yadav, I. C., Devi, N.
L., Syed, J. H., Cheng, Z., Li, J., Zhang, G., & Jones, K. C. (2015).
Current status of persistent organic pesticides residues in air, water, and
soil, and their possible effect on neighboring countries: A comprehensive
review of India. Science of the Total Environment, 511, 123�137.
Google Scholar
Zacharia, J. T. (2019).
Degradation pathways of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the
environment. Persistent Organic Pollutants, 17�30. Google Scholar
|
Copyright holder : Romi Sepsrizal, Dikpride Despa, FX. Arinto Setyawan, Rinawati (2022) |
|
First publication right : Jurnal Health Sains This article is licensed under: |