Figure 1
Conceptual Framework
Jurnal Health Sains: p�ISSN:
2723-4339 e-ISSN:
2548-1398�����
Vol. 2, No. 10, October 2021
THE RELATIONSHIP OF DEPRESSION WITH SLEEP QUALITY IN
PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS OF UNIKA ATMA JAYA UNIVERSITY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Juan Feivel Stevanus
School of
Medicine and Health Sciences Atma Jaya Catholic
University of Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
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artikel info |
abstraCT |
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Accepted 5 October 2021 Revised 15 October 2021 Approved 25 October 2021 |
Exotropia sensory is unilateral divergence as a
sequel to vision loss or long-standing poor vision. Characterized by large
angles, comitant strabismic, increased gradually.
Surgical characteristic treatment success are final deviation less than 10
prism diopters at distance in the primary position. Large deviation requires operating
on three or four horizontal muscle and operating only for poor vision. This
research aims to report the exotropia sensory patients and the result of
surgical treatment for sensory exotropia by examiningthe
outcomes of the surgical treatment. This is a prospective descriptive study
conducted from January 2018 to December 2020 at Dr.M.Djamil hospital, Padang. A total of 12 patients
included in this study. Detailed history regarding the complaint,
developmental history was taken. Patients were thoroughly evaluated for visual
acuity, through anterior segment evaluation using slit lamp, and fundus
examination, and finding the deviation of the eye by doing hisberg test and prisma krimsky near and distance test. The result of surgical
treatment evaluated by examine Hirsberg test and prisma krimsky test. A total of
12 patient were included, of whom�� 6
cases (50%) are man and woman 6 cases (50%), and the patients are 21-30 age
year old about 33,33%.� From the
etiology, retinal abnormalities are the most causes of the exotropia with 4
cases (33,33%). The patient are management by
surgical and with monocular reses-resect hang back surgery. From 6-month
follow up, the patient was satisfactory cosmetic result with orthotropia 85,71%. The patient exotropia sensory are
21-30 years old. The most common cause of sensory strabismus was retinal
abnormalities, and the long-term outcome of surgery for sensory exotropia was
satisfactory. |
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Keywords: pyschology; depression; sleep
quality; COVID-19 |
INTRODUCTION
The world is currently being hit by health problems
caused by the COVID-19 virus, which is a new type, namely SARS-CoV-2. Data from
the World Health Organization (WHO), COVID-19 cases in June 2020 have reached
10,395,647 infected people and 507,416 people have died and it is increasing
every day (Puthran et al., 2016).
In Indonesia, COVID-19 cases reached 55,093 cases. This condition caused the
Indonesian government decided to issue a Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB)
policy starting in April 2020 (Kaparounaki et al., 2020; Owens & Group, 2014).
The PSBB policy makes people less adaptable and can have an impact on physical
and mental aspects (Anxiety, depression and sleep quality disorders) (Gao et al., 2020). Research in
Greece on university students revealed that quarantine at home can cause
psychological problems such as depression, anxiety and sleep quality disorders (Badicu, 2018).
Prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, around 322 million
global population suffered from depression in 2015 (4.4%). Depression was more
common among women (5.1%) than men (3.6%). Prevalence rates vary by age, peaking
in older adults (above 7.5% among women aged 55-74 years, and above 5.5% among
men) (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020).
Depression also occurs in children and adolescents under the age of 15, but the
incidence is lower than in older people (Maulida et al., 2020).
Research in China on the COVID-19 pandemic found that 48% experienced
depression with an age range of 21-30 years (Gao et al., 2020).
Depression and poor sleep quality in students
during the COVID-19 pandemic can be caused by several factors, such as
previously students doing normal activities in the campus area sitting in front
of a laptop screen or sitting in front of a laptop screen or computer for 6-8
hours, unable to meet face-to-face and interact with friends directly, unable
to exercise outside the home, etc. Research on a thousand students at the
Faculty of Health in Greece showed that during quarantine due to the COVID-19
pandemic, there was an increase in depression by 74.3%, anxiety by 42.5%,
suicidal ideation by 63.3%, a decrease in sleep quality by 43.0% (Badicu, 2018).
Depression is an event that is often found in students, including psychology
students.
Depression is a mental disorder characterized by
feelings of loss of interest or pleasure, decreased energy, feelings of guilt
or low self-esteem, difficulty sleeping or poor sleep quality, decreased
appetite, feelings of fatigue and lack of concentration. Depression can become
chronic and recurrent, can substantially impair an individual's ability to
carry out daily activities and can impact other mental problems such as
insomnia, poor sleep quality. According to WHO predictions that depressive
disorders are ranked second (22.9%) after heart disease (Power et al., 2017).
Research on psychology students in Canada showed that as many as 33% had
depression (Badicu, 2018).
Research conducted by the online self-checking team
of the Indonesian Psychiatric Association (PDSKJI) as of May 14, 2020, during
the COVID-19 pandemic, there were 67% of respondents with mental disorders. 68%
had an anxiety disorder, and 77% had psychological trauma. The study, which was
conducted on 2,364 respondents in Java, even showed that there were 49% of
respondents who even thought of ending their life (Brummelte & Galea, 2016).
Sleep is a very important physiological process for
the human body. The need for rest and sleep for each individual varies according
to the stage of development of the activity undertaken. The National Sleep
Foundation recommends ages 18-25 need 7-9 hours of sleep per night (Durisko et al., 2015).
During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals who are unable to adapt to the
situation and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic may experience sleep disorders
such as insomnia and poor sleep quality. This condition can worsen other mental
problems they face, such as depression, anxiety, and others. Psychology Faculty
students learn about health problems and mental coping.
Based on these conditions, researchers are
interested in conducting research on Atma Jaya
Catholic University (UNIKA) Psychology Faculty students regarding the
description of depression and sleep quality and the relationship between them
during the COVID-19 pandemic. Depressive disorders in this study will be
measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).
Figure 1
Conceptual Framework
METHOD
This study used an
analytical, observational research design with a cross-sectional approach. This
study aims to evaluate the relationship between depression and sleep quality in
psychology undergraduate students at UNIKA Atma Jaya. The research will use Google Forms with respondents
students of Psychology undergraduate study program at Atma
Jaya
Catholic
University Jakarta during the COVID-19 pandemic in the time period November
2020 � March 2021. The target population is all undergraduate psychology
students in DKI Jakarta. The affordable population is all students of
Psychology undergraduate study programs at Atma Jaya
Catholic University, Jakarta, in November 2020 � March 2021. The sample of the
research are all Psychology undergraduate study program students who meet the
inclusion criteria and do not meet the exclusion criteria.
Sampling was
carried out by consecutive sampling with the proportion of each active student
of Psychology undergraduate study program willing to participate by filling out
an online questionnaire in the period November 2020 � March 2021 with inclusion
criteria all active students of Psychology undergraduate study program at Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta and with exclusion
criteria psychology undergraduate study program students who are not willing to
be respondents and do not give informed consent and did not fill out the
questionnaire completely.
Data
processing and analysis using descriptive analysis (Univariate), namely the
proportion of students who experience depression and poor sleep quality will be
calculated based on the characteristics (Age, gender, education level).
Bivariate analysis with Fisher was applied to determine the relationship with
sleep quality. In processing and analyzing data, researchers used the STATA
program.
Results and Discussions
A. Result
This
research was conducted online using Google Form in November 2020 to March 2021
and obtained 315 respondents who met the inclusion criteria, including 284
(90.2%) women and 31 (9.8%) men, age range 17 -32 years, with a mean age of
19.75 years and a standard deviation of 1.44. There are 50.79% of the 2018
batch of respondents, 81.59% of the 2019 class of respondents, 18.41% of the
2020 batch of respondents, and 18.10% of the 2017 class of respondents.
The results
of this study also showed 80% of respondents with depression, including 32.70%
mild level, 25.71% moderate level and 21.59% severe level. There are 93.65% of
respondents with poor sleep quality.
Table 1
Overview of Characteristics, depression and sleep quality of UAJ Psychology
students
|
Characteristics |
|
|
�(N) |
�(%) |
|
Age |
|
|
||
|
Gender |
|
|
|
|
|
-
Man |
|
|
31 |
9,84 |
|
-
Woman |
|
|
284 |
�90,16* |
|
Class Of |
|
|
|
|
|
-
Year 2017 |
|
|
57 |
18,10 |
|
-
Year 2018 |
|
|
103 |
50,79 |
|
-
Year 2019 |
|
|
97 |
��
81,59* |
|
-
Year 2020 |
|
|
58 |
18,41 |
|
Depression |
|
|
|
|
|
-
Not Depressed |
|
|
63 |
20,0 |
|
-
Depressed |
|
|
252 |
80,0 |
|
-
Mild |
|
|
103 |
�
32,70* |
|
-
Medium |
|
|
81 |
25,71 |
|
-
Severe |
|
|
68 |
21,59 |
|
Sleep Quality |
|
|
|
|
|
-
Good |
|
|
20 |
6,35 |
|
-
Bad |
|
|
295 |
�
93,65* |
Note: * = highest percentage
Based on gender, respondents who experienced depression were women (80.95%)
and men (70.94%). The male respondents found 32.26% mild depression, 22.58%
moderate and 16.13% severe. While the female respondents found 32.75% mild
depression, 26.02% moderate level and 22.18% severe level. Based on education level,
respondents from the class of 2019 with depression (84.54%), the class of 2018
(79.61%), the class of 2017 (77.19%), and the class of 2020 (70.58%).
Respondents in the 2017-2020 class were more likely to have mild depression
(29.9% - 35.09%), with moderate depression (18.97% -28.87%) and severe
depression (17.54% -25, 77%). Moderate (28.87%) and severe (25.77%) depression
were more common in 2018 class respondents. Based on gender, poor sleep quality
was more common in female respondents (94.01%). Poor sleep quality was more
common in 2019 class respondents (95.88%). Meanwhile, the class of 2018
respondents (94.17%), the respondents of the class of 2020 (89.66%), and the
class of 2017 (92.98%) had poor sleep quality.
The results of this study showed that respondents with depression showed
poor sleep quality (97.20%) and those without depression showed poor sleep
quality (79.37%). Data analysis using Fisher's bivariate statistical test
showed that there was a difference between depression level and sleep quality
in psychology students (p value = 0.000). The results of the analysis test
showed a significant relationship between depression and sleep quality in
psychology students at UNIKA Atma Jaya.
B. Discussions
1.
Overview of Characteristics,
Depression, and Sleep Quality of Psychology Students UNIKA Atma
Jaya
In this
study, the majority of respondents with depression (80%) included 32.70% mild
depression, 25.71% moderate depression, and 21.59% severe depression. According
to Economou, 80.2% of psychology faculty students experienced depression. Hasanah et al (2020) stated that 21.1% of students
experienced mild depression, 17% moderate depression and 3.4% severe
depression, depression during the COVID-19 pandemic was caused by feeling
bored, do not understand the lecture material optimally, have not been able to
adapt to online learning, and feel that their abilities and grades have
decreased (Hasanah et al., 2020).
Research by (Maia & Dias, 2020)
shows that students who were evaluated during the pandemic period showed
significantly higher levels of anxiety, depression, and stress compared to
students in normal times with 41.5% of students experiencing depression. (Kaparounaki et al., 2020)
research also shows that the percentage of health science students with
depression experienced a large increase during the COVID-19 pandemic (Fitriah & Hariyono, 2019).
2.
Description of Depression and Sleep
Quality Based on Gender and Education Level of Psychology Students UNIKA Atma Jaya
Based on
gender, respondents who experienced depression were more women (80.95%).
According to (Porter, 2021), female students
are more likely to experience depression (81.7%) than boys. (Fern�ndez et al., 2021)
research shows that female students (63%) are more depressed than boys. Based
on the level of education, respondents from the 2019 batch were most commonly
found with depression (84.54%), including mild depression (29.90%), moderate
depression (28.87%) and severe depression (25.77%) (Wang et al., 2020).
Research conducted by Fitriah (2019), 3rd semester or
second year students have a higher level of depression (80.95%), compared to
students in 5th semester or third year (13.09%) and 7th Semester or Fourth Year
(5.35%).
3.
The Relationship of Depression with
Sleep Quality of Atma Jaya Psychology Students
This study
showed that respondents with severe depression and had poor sleep quality were
100%, while respondents with mild depression and had poor sleep quality were
93.20%. According to a study by (Li et al., 2020)
in China, poor sleep quality and sleep duration were associated with a higher
prevalence of depressive symptoms in students in this study. These results
suggest that reduced sleep duration and quality may be risk factors for mental
health disorders among college students. Based on Saadeh's research in Jordan,
86.5% of depressed students experienced poorer sleep quality than students who
did not experience depression. For college students, depression could be caused
by academic tasks, financial and family problems which were exacerbated by the
COVID-19 pandemic (Vigo et al., 2021).
CONCLUSIONS
There were 315
respondents, ranging in age from 17 to 32 years, the mean age being 19.75
years, Standard Deviation 1.44, 90.2% female respondents. Respondents were
women with depression (80.95%) and men (70.94%). Respondents were female
(94.01%) and male (90.32%) with poor sleep quality. The class of 2019
respondents with poor sleep quality (95.88%), the class of 2018 (94.17%), the
class of 2020 (89.66%), and the class of 2017 (92.98%). The results of this
study showed that respondents with depression showed poor sleep quality (97.20%).
There is a relationship between depression level and sleep quality, which is
indicated by a significant difference between depression level and sleep
quality in psychology student respondents (p value = 0.000).
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Copyright holder: Juan Feivel Stevanus
(2021) |
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First publication right: Jurnal Health Sains |
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