Jurnal
Health Sains: p–ISSN : 2723-4339 e-ISSN
: 2548-1398
IMPACT OF COVID-19 INFECTION ON PREGNANCY: SCOPING REVIEW
Tezi Kharina Aprezia, Mohammad Hakimi, Herlin
Fitriani Kurniawati
Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta
tkharinaaprezia@gmail.com, moh.hakimi@ugm.ac.id,
herlinani@unisayogya.ac.id
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artikel
info |
abstract |
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Date received: 1 August 2022 Revision date: 10 September 2022 Received date: 25 September 2022 |
The current COVID-19 pandemic is considered an
example of a natural disaster with so much global health burden, over 22
million people worldwide contracted it and more than 791,000 people died. The
purpose of compiling this Scoping Review is to obtain evidence based and case
descriptions, impacts, vertical transmission of Covid-19 infection in
pregnant women. Using Scoping Review data obtained from Pubmed, ScienceDirect
and Ebscohost. Furthermore, an assessment and mapping of themes is carried
out. An article that discusses COVID-19 infection in pregnant women. There
are patients who experience the most common symptoms such as cough and fever,
there are pregnancy impacts from pregnant women who are positive for COVID-19
such as abortion, premature birth, Caesarean section and death. There is no
vertical transmission from mother to fetus. Pregnant women are susceptible to
severe illness in case of viral infection. There are impacts of COVID-19
infection on pregnancy including abortion, premature, caesarean section and
death. There is no vertical transmission from mother to fetus. |
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Keywords: Pregnant Women; COVID-19;
Clinical Manifestations; Birth
Results |
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is
an infection that is endemic almost all over the world. with the virus name
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2). COVID-19 is an
acute respiratory disorder caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus 2, which first occurred in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The main
symptoms include fever, dry cough and shortness of breath (Guan et
al., 2020).
High-risk groups for the COVID-19 virus
include medical experts, chronic disease
sufferers, pregnant women
and the elderly. Pregnant women
are a vulnerable group because of changes in body physiology and immune
response mechanisms in their bodies. Almost all health services have been
affected by COVID-19, including maternal and neonatal health services in terms
of access and quality.
The purpose of this Scoping Review is to
obtain evidence based on the impact and vertical transmission of COVID-19
infection in pregnant women.
Research methods
The method used is Scoping Review. There
are several steps in a scoping review (Tricco et al., 2016).
Identifying research questions In
building a thorough review and journal search strategy
using the
Population, Exposure, Outcome format. and Study Design (PEOS) in solving and
managing the focus of the review. The research question is how is the impact of
COVID-19 infection on pregnancy?
Table 1
Framework
Scoping Review
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P
(Population) |
E
(Exposure) |
O
(Outcome) |
|
Ibu Hamil |
COVID-19 |
Impact
on Pregnant Women |
Identifying Relevant Articles Inclusion
Criteria articles published in 2019-2021, articles describing outcomes of
COVID-19 during pregnancy, articles discussing COVID-19 infection during
pregnancy, articles discussing the impact of COVID-19
on pregnancy. Exclusion criteria: opinion articles and articles
discussing COVID-19 in pregnant women in
developing countries.
Researchers used the Pubmed, ScienceDirect and Ebscoo
databases. Article Selection Researchers searched 3 databases such as Pubmed,
Ebscoo and ScienceDirect. 780 Journals were found. A prism diagram is displayed
to see in detail the flow of article selection
Figure 1
Prism Flowchart
Article
Assessment Data Charting is carried out. Researchers conducted an assessment
usingreferences from Hawker (Hawker et al., 2002) Based
on 8 articles, data extraction was carried out to C lassify
Results and Discussion
several
points or parts of the article such as research objectives, research design,
results or findings of the study, in this step the researcher gets several
themes and subthemes, namely: Clinical picture of infection Covid-19 on pregnant women, Impact of Covid 19 on pregnant women and
treatment of covid 19.
A.
Clinical Overview
Pregnant women who are infected with Covid-19 usually cause mild,
moderate or severe symptoms. Symptoms that usually appear are fever
(temperature > 38C), cough and difficulty breathing. And also
usually accompanied by severe shortness of breath, gastrointestinal symptoms
such as diarrhea and other respiratory symptoms (Aziz & Dahlan, 2020).
The results of the study in article [1] showed that between 15 patients,
13 had a fever with a temperature of 37.6-39.0 °C which started 2-10 days
before admission. In addition, nine patients had cough, four patients, fatigue,
three patients, muscle pain, one patient, sore throat and one patient diarrhea.
Study results from article [2] All patients had high fever (38 C) and most presented with cold,
stiffness, malaise, and myalgia. Only 33% of pregnant patients experience
shortness of breath. All patients had positive SARS-CoV RT-PCR. Outcome General
patients usually have symptoms common at the onset of COVID-19 infection for
pregnant women including fever and cough, while less common symptoms are
myalgia, malaise, sore throat, diarrhea, and shortness of breath. However, in
the research article in article [3], it was found that all pregnant women when
entering the hospital did not experience fever or cough before giving birth.
However, all patients had mild fever
(37.5-38.5),
All patients had no symptoms such as hemoptysis, dyspnea, shortness of breath,
nausea, and vomiting. All oxygen saturation tests were normal. All patients
were asymptomatic [4]. Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Pregnancy Abortion Pregnant
women infected with COVID-19 experience more adverse events to the fetus, such
as early-trimester miscarriage, fetal distress, and intrauterine growth restriction
(Liu et al., 2020). Patients presenting in the first
trimester have spontaneous miscarriages between 2 to 5 weeks after COVID-19
infection.
Premature Mothers with confirmed COVID-19 have a significantly higher
rate of preterm birth. Pregnant women infected with Covid 19 have the potential
to have a risk of adverse neonatal complications such as spontaneous miscarriage,
premature delivery, intra uterine growth restriction. Preterm delivery is a
side effect on the fetus reported in pregnant women who are positive for COVID
19. In some cases, fetal distress and premature labor were found (Aziz & Dahlan, 2020). In the article [2], it was found that 4 out of 7 patients had
preterm birth. Research studies show that pregnant women with COVID-19 are more
likely to have babies born prematurely. All preterm infants born to infected
mothers were iatrogenic preterm due to intrauterine fetal distress [5].
B. Caesarean section
The majority of pregnant women infected with COVID-19 undergo a planned
caesarean section to prevent neonatal transmission of the virus. A systematic
review found that the most frequent mode of delivery in the reported cases was
caesarean section (Schwartz & Graham, 2020).
This is relevant where caesarean delivery outcomes are three times or
greater among women with COVID-19 compared to those without COVID-19. However,
only if there are indications caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women
or fetuses, such as shortness of breath in the mother and related complications
and fetal distress in utero. Thus, the symptoms
The COVID-19 contributed to the high
incidence of caesarean sections among infected mothers. Delivery by caesarean section is
carried out on mothers who are positive for Covid-19 to avoid transmission from
mother to fetus.
C.
Dead
Corona virus infection in pregnant women can not only cause severe
symptoms in the mother, but also puts the baby at risk. Pregnant women with
Covid-19 infection in the second or third trimester of pregnancy can experience
cardiopulmonary complications and die (Hantoushzadeh et al., 2020).
This is relevant to the article [6] of the results of the study, namely 7
deaths from 9 pregnant women infected with Covid-19. The deaths that occurred
in this case were pre-existing illnesses. In other articles, there were no
results of deaths in pregnant women who were positive for Covid 19. Vertical transmission
from mother to fetus In articles [4] and [8] the results of this study showed
that SARS-CoV-2 was negative in all samples, indicating that no intrauterine
fetal infection occurred as a result of COVID-19 infection during the later
stages of pregnancy. Treatment of COVID-19 Infection in Pregnant Women Pregnant
women with COVID-19 are not recommended to use ribavirin because of the risk of
causing fetal deformities. New drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 are still
being tested in clinical trials and their effects on pregnant women are
uncertain and require further research (Alserehi et al., 2016).
The
results of this study were obtained. All patients were given broad-spectrum
antibiotics, namely beta-lactams and macrolides or fluoro-quinolones. All
patients, except patient 7, were given ribavirin and/or hydrocortisone after 48
hours of observation. All couples were fully informed about the potential
teratogenic effects of ribavirin and all chose to receive this treatment [2].
Conclusion
Most research results
show that the most common initial symptoms in pregnant women with COVID-19
infection are fever and cough. The bad impact of pregnant women infected with
COVID-19 is premature birth, surgery Caesarean, Miscarriage, Death and possibly
vertical transmission from mother to fetus.
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L., Chen, J., Zhang, B., Lu, Y., Wang, S., Xia, L., Huang, L., Wang, K., Liang,
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Copyright
holder: Tezi Kharina Aprezia, Mohammad Hakimi, Herlin Fitriani Kurniawati
(2022) |
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First
publication right: Jurnal Health Sains |
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